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EMBr in Continuous Casting

Electromagnetic braking (EMBr) is used in continuous casting to control molten steel flow inside the mold region. A static or traveling magnetic field induces Lorentz forces that oppose jet momentum and damp turbulence. This helps stabilize the steel–slag interface and reduces slag entrainment. EMBr also improves inclusion removal and solidification conditions near the mold walls. …

Electroslag and Vacuum Arc Remelting (ESR & VAR) Processes

ESR and VAR are secondary refining processes used for producing high-quality steels and superalloys. In ESR, electrical current flows through molten slag, generating Joule heating that melts a consumable electrode drop by drop. VAR operates under vacuum conditions, where a high-current arc ensures controlled melting and degassing. Both processes improve chemical purity, reduce inclusions, and …