Summer School

Electromagnetic braking (EMBr) is used in continuous casting to control molten steel flow inside the mold region. A static or traveling magnetic field induces Lorentz forces that oppose jet momentum and damp turbulence. This helps stabilize the steel–slag interface and reduces slag entrainment. EMBr also improves inclusion removal and solidification conditions near the mold walls. …

ESR and VAR are secondary refining processes used for producing high-quality steels and superalloys. In ESR, electrical current flows through molten slag, generating Joule heating that melts a consumable electrode drop by drop. VAR operates under vacuum conditions, where a high-current arc ensures controlled melting and degassing. Both processes improve chemical purity, reduce inclusions, and …

Atmospheric electric arcs are high-intensity plasma discharges sustained in gas at near-atmospheric pressure. They involve strong coupling between ionization, heat transfer, radiation, and fluid dynamics. Arc behavior is dominated by instabilities such as arc root motion, constriction, and reattachment phenomena. The lecture discusses arc column structure, energy balance, and electrode interaction processes. Applications include welding, …

Electrically induced or electrovortical flows occur in electrically conducting liquids when electric currents interact with their own induced or externally applied magnetic fields. The resulting Lorentz force is generally non-conservative, which can generate spontaneous vortical motion even in the absence of mechanical stirring. These flows strongly depend on current path geometry, electrode configuration, and boundary …